How is pseudoephedrine synthesized?

How is pseudoephedrine synthesized?

Almost all commercial pseudoephedrine, however, is produced by fermenting dextrose in the presence of benzaldehyde. The primary product, (R)-phenylacetylcarbinol, is aminated to make pseudoephedrine.

What plant does pseudoephedrine come from?

Ephedra is one of the plants that are a source of ephedrine alkaloids, including ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Chemically synthesized, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine are regulated under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as drugs.

Is pseudoephedrine water soluble?

Pseudoephedrine HCl, a highly water-soluble drug, was entrapped within poly (methyl methacrylate) microspheres by a water/oil/water emulsification-solvent evaporation method.

Is pseudoephedrine soluble in methanol?

Note 1: Although pseudoephedrine readily dissolves in methanol, its solubility in chloroform is limited; and in many instances, matrix effects can be problematic. Therefore, the entire sample solution must be base extracted with 5 N NaOH.

How is pseudoephedrine made from yeast?

d-Pseudoephedrine is the active ingredient in “Sudafed”. l-Ephedrine is currently synthesised in a three step process. The first step utilises fermenting yeast in water to catalyse the acyloin condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde to form the l-ephedrine precursor, l-phenylacetylcarbinol (l-PAC).

What plant contains the most ephedrine?

tibetica Stapf and Ephedra distachya Linne (the Ephedras), that are sources of ephedrine alkaloids (including ephedrine and pseudoephedrine.) Other plant sources that contain such ephedrine alkaloids include Sida cordifolia L.

How do you dissolve pseudoephedrine?

If you are using chewable tablets, chew each tablet thoroughly before swallowing. If you are using a product made to dissolve in the mouth (tablets or strips), dry your hands before handling the medication. Place each dose on the tongue and allow to dissolve completely, then swallow it with saliva or with water.

What is the solubility of pseudoephedrine?

Structure for Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (DBSALT000149)

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	8.26 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	1	ALOGPS
logP	1.32	ChemAxon
logS	-1.3	ALOGPS

What is pseudoephedrine illegally used to make?

Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is the main ingredient used to make methamphetamine (meth), a highly addictive stimulant drug. 1 PSE is a nasal decongestant typically found in nonprescription cold, allergy, and sinus medications, making it an easy source for people who operate illegal meth labs to obtain this precursor chemical.

What products contain pseudoephedrine?

SUDAFED® PRODUCTS CONTAINING PSEUDOEPHEDRINE

• SUDAFED® Sinus Congestion.
• SUDAFED® Sinus Congestion 12 Hour.
• SUDAFED® Sinus 12 Hour Pressure + Pain.
• SUDAFED® Sinus Congestion 24 Hour.
• Children’s SUDAFED® Nasal Decongestant, Grape Liquid.

How is ephedrine made synthetically?

Natural ephedrine is prepared by extraction from Ephedra plants. This process is typically employed for ephedrine manufactured in China. Semi-synthetic ephedrine is prepared by fermentation of sugar followed by amination, a process known to be used in India. Fully chemically synthesized ephedrine is produced elsewhere.

Is pseudoephedrine soluble in acetone?

1) Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is not soluble in non-polar solvents, whether or not they are hot. It also is not partiuclarly soluble in dry acetone (damp acetone is another thing altogether). It is therefore an essentially safe assumption that these solvents will not extract pseudo from the pill mass.

What is the difference between ephedrine and pseudoephedrine?

Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine increase blood pressure and act as bronchodilators, with pseudoephedrine having considerably less effect. Ephedrine may decrease motion sickness, but it has mainly been used to decrease the sedating effects of other medications used for motion sickness.

Where can I find ephedra plants?

There are 40 known ephedra species distributed among the arid and semiarid regions of Asia, Europe, northern Africa, western North America, and South America. They can grow from sea level up to 5,000 meters high in the Himalayan and Andes mountains.

What is the melting point of pseudoephedrine?

Pseudoephedrine HCl

Color:	White, crystalline, Odorless Powder
Melting Point:	182-182.5o
Molecular Formula:	C10H15NO + HCl
Molecular Weight:	165.2346 amu (Pseudoephedrine) + 36.4609 amu (HCl) = 201.69 amu
Hydrophilicity:	Very Freely Water Soluble

What is another name for pseudoephedrine?

Pseudoephedrine also temporarily relieves sinus congestion and pressure. Pseudoephedrine is available under the following different brand names: Sudafed, Nexafed, and Zephrex-D.

Is ephedrine soluble in isopropyl alcohol?

Sparingly soluble in acetone and in methanol; slightly soluble in ethanol, chloroform, isopropanol, and ether; very slightly soluble in toluene; practically insoluble in water. Ephedrine: Unctuous, practically colorless solid or white crystals or granules. Gradually decomposes on exposure to light.