What are fusiform vesicles?

What are fusiform vesicles?

The formation of fusiform vesicles (FVs) is one of the most distinctive features in the urothelium of the urinary bladder. FVs represent compartments for intracellular transport of urothelial plaques, which modulate the surface area of the superficial urothelial (umbrella) cells during the distension-contraction cycle.

What is the main purpose of umbrella cells?

The umbrella cells form the urine-contacting layer of the stratified uroepithelium that lines the mucosal surface of the urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. Critically, these cells must maintain a high-resistance barrier in the face of cyclical changes in stretch as the bladder fills and empties.

How do umbrella cells change shape?

These cells undergo large cell shape changes as they transition in empty bladders from a roughly inverted umbrella shape to one that is flat and squamous in filled bladders.

How is urothelium adapted for its function?

The urothelium is adapted as a barrier epithelium through: Specialised features that limit transcellular and paracellular permeability. Longevity of superficial urothelial cells to preserve urinary barrier function. High threshold for apoptosis – where cell repair rather than loss is the default pathway.

What is handoff explain umbrella cell concept?

If high speed user in the large umbrella cell is approaching the base station, and its velocity is rapidly decreasing, the base station may decide to hand the user into the co-located microcell without MSC permission. This approach is basically used to reduce number of hand off for high speed users.

What are the two types of umbrella cells found in the urothelium?

There are distinct cell types in the urothelium, with the basal cell layer composed of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane attached via hemidesmosomes. Intermediate cells tend to be somewhat larger, and if the urothelium has more than three cell layers it is because of multiple layers of intermediate cells.

What are the umbrella cells in the urothelium?

Facet cells (also known as umbrella cells, capping cells, superficial urotheliocytes) are a type of cells located in the renal pelvis, the ureters,and the urethra. Umbrella cells form the outermost layer of the urothelium, which is a special type of epithelium found in the renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urethra.

What is urothelium and its function?

The urothelium is a highly specialized type of tissue that lines the inside of your urinary tract. It serves as a barrier, preventing urine (pee) from leaking out into your body. It also stretches and contracts as your bladder fills and empties.

Why urothelium is termed transitional epithelium?

The urothelium transforms from five to seven cell layers thick in a relaxed state to two or three cell layers thick in a distended bladder. This functional modification of the epithelium does not cause any damage – resulting in the name “transitional epithelium” – and allows for the storage of urine.

What is the difference between soft handoff and hard handoff?

Soft handoff never disconnects the current call where as hard handoff disconnects the current call and establishes connection with the new base station. Soft handoff mostly occurs at the times when you are travelling from one place to another place.

Why handoff is necessary for cellular systems?

Handoff is necessary for preventing loss of interruption of service to a caller or a data session user. Handoff is also called handover.

What are Uroepithelial cells?

Urothelial cells are specialized cells that cover the inside surface of the urinary tract including the bladder, ureters, and urethra. These cells connect to form a barrier called the urothelium. Transitional epithelium is another name used to describe these cells.

What is secreted from goblet cells?

The primary function of goblet cells is to secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer.

What is the difference between goblet cells and mucous cells?

Individual surface mucous cells also differ in shape from intestinal goblet cells. Since the mucosal surface of the stomach consists of these cells and no others, individual surface mucous cells cannot bulge apically like the goblet cells.

What cells make up the urothelium?

What is cell splitting and cell Sectoring?

Cell splitting is a method of subdividing cell into the smaller sized cell. The parent cell that was originally congested is called as macro cells and the smaller cell called as microcells. Cell sectoring is another method to increase capacity.

What does soft handoff mean in a cellular network?

Soft handover or soft handoff refers to a feature used by the CDMA and W-CDMA standards, where a cell phone is simultaneously connected to two or more cells (or cell sectors) during a call. If the sectors are from the same physical cell site (a sectorised site), it is referred to as softer handoff.

What is hand off in cellular system?

A handoff refers to the process of transferring an active call or data session from one cell in a cellular network to another or from one channel in a cell to another. A well-implemented handoff is important for delivering uninterrupted service to a caller or data session user.