When did microarray come out?

When did microarray come out?

In 1997, the researchers from Stanford University published the first whole-genome microarray study of gene expression by placing the whole yeast genome on a microarray.

Who developed microarray?

1. The invention of the GeneChip. The microarray and gene chip grew out of efforts by a team of scientists concerned with optimizing methods of drug discovery. This group was assembled by Alex Zaffaroni, the legendary CEO of Syntex and later founder of several biotech firms, including Alza and DNAX.

Is microarray still in use?

Today, DNA microarrays are used in clinical diagnostic tests for some diseases. Sometimes they are also used to determine which drugs might be best prescribed for particular individuals, because genes determine how our bodies handle the chemistry related to those drugs.

How many types of microarrays are there?

There are four different types of DNA microarrays: cDNA microarrays, oligo DNA microarrays, BAC microarrays and SNP microarrays.

Why is microarray expensive?

The cost of the arrays is independent of the cost of the reagents (the Cy3 and Cy5 fluorescent dyes coupled to triphosphates are expensive, as are the kits for biotin, single dye labeling, and the biotin labeling protocols are tedious and time consuming).

Is microarray better than NGS?

Microarrays are generally considered easier to use with less complicated and less labor-intensive sample preparation than NGS. The same goes for data analysis. While there are still many tools for data analysts to choose from, a general consensus has emerged on the major methods for processing the data.

How are microarrays made?

A typical microarray experiment involves the hybridization of an mRNA molecule to the DNA template from which it is originated. Many DNA samples are used to construct an array. The amount of mRNA bound to each site on the array indicates the expression level of the various genes. This number may run in thousands.

What information can a microarray provide?

DNA microarrays can be used to detect DNA (as in comparative genomic hybridization), or detect RNA (most commonly as cDNA after reverse transcription) that may or may not be translated into proteins. The process of measuring gene expression via cDNA is called expression analysis or expression profiling.

How much do microarrays cost?

A targeted DNA microarray runs from $10 to $100 per sample, says Schena, whereas “the whole human genome is typically $100 [to] $1,000 per sample.” (Targeting strategies are also available for NGS, to avoid the costs incurred by whole-genome sequencing, but they also add both cost and time.)

How much does microarray testing cost?

CMA has been slow to catch on mainly because of cost: depending on the type of DNA chip used, a test can run upwards of $1,500 per patient, about three times the price of karyotyping or fragile X testing.

Why is RNA-Seq preferred over microarrays?

“mRNA-Seq offers improved specificity, so it’s better at detecting transcripts, and specifically isoforms, than microarrays. It’s also more sensitive in detecting differential expression and offers increased dynamic range.”

Can microarray be wrong?

Microarray technology certainly has the potential to greatly enhance our knowledge about gene expression, but there are drawbacks that need to be considered. As Knight [4] cautioned, it is possible that errors could be incorporated during the manufacture of the chips.