What role does prolactin play in cell communication?
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What role does prolactin play in cell communication?
PRL binds to the prolactin receptor (PRLR) on the surface of the target cell membrane and initiates a corresponding intracellular signal transduction process to achieve its biological function.
What is the mechanism of action of prolactin?
Subsequent actions of prolactin may involve the following: a) an increased intracellular concentration of potassium and a reduced level of sodium, b) an increased level of cGMP and a reduced level of cAMP, c) an enhanced rate of prostaglandin biosyntheesis mediated by a stimulation of phospholipase A2 activity, and d) …
Does prolactin use a second messenger?
Prolactin and Dexamethasone Regulate Second Messenger-Stimulated Cl− Secretion in Mammary Epithelia.
What stimulates prolactin release?
One of the main regulators of the production of prolactin from the pituitary gland is the hormone called dopamine, which is produced by the hypothalamus, the part of the brain directly above the pituitary gland.
What receptor does prolactin bind to?
PRLR
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a type I cytokine receptor encoded in humans by the PRLR gene on chromosome 5p13-14. It is the receptor for prolactin (PRL). The PRLR can also bind to and be activated by growth hormone (GH) and human placental lactogen (hPL).
What are prolactin receptor sites?
As well as being expressed in the olfactory epithelium and sensory neurons of the olfactory bulb, prolactin receptors are found in the fetal trigeminal ganglion, tongue, whisker follicles, and facial musculature. These organs are essential for odor detection, facial sensation, taste, and the neonatal suckling reflex.
How is prolactin stimulated?
In addition, prolactin secretion increases progressively during pregnancy. The secretion of prolactin also can be stimulated by high doses of estrogens, and it is transiently stimulated by stress and exercise.
What regulates the secretion of prolactin?
The hypothalamus is largely responsible for regulating the synthesis and secretion of various hormones within the pituitary gland, including Prolactin.
How does prolactin inhibit GnRH?
High serum prolactin concentrations inhibit secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, thereby decreasing the secretion of gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone), and may also inhibit the action of gonadotropins on the gonads.
Why does dopamine inhibit prolactin?
Dopamine D2 receptors signal through the pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive Gi/o and PTX-insensitive Gz proteins, as well as through a G protein-independent, β-arrestin/glycogen synthase kinase-3-dependent pathway. Activation of these receptors in pituitary lactotrophs leads to inhibition of prolactin (PRL) release.
What is the Tuberoinfundibular pathway?
Tuberoinfundibular pathway is one of the major dopamine pathways in the brain originating from hypothalamus. The release of dopamine in this pathway regulates prolactin secretion by the pituitary gland.
What are the target cells of prolactin?
| Endocrine gland/ source of hormone | Hormone | Target organ or tissue |
|---|---|---|
| Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) | Prolactin | Mammary gland |
| Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) | ADH (antidiuretic hormone) | Kidney tubules Smooth muscle in arterioles |
| Oxytocin | Uterine smooth muscle Mammary gland | |
| Pineal gland | Melatonin | Various tissues |
What is the function of prolactin hormone?
Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals.
What stimulates prolactin inhibiting hormone?
Prolactin secretion is inhibited by dopamine released into the pituitary portal blood from hypothalamic dopamine neurons, including the tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons.
How does prolactin inhibit FSH and LH?
How does prolactin suppress LH FSH?
Elevated prolactin may impact reproduction through inhibitory effects on hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and/or on the pituitary gland to reduce secretion of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), resulting in a reduction in both amplitude and …
How does prolactin inhibit ovulation?
Prolactin is associated with the production of breast milk and is a hormone that also plays a role in fertility by inhibiting follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the hormones that trigger ovulation and allow eggs to develop and mature.
How does prolactin affect luteinizing hormone?
Prolactin suppresses luteinizing hormone secretion and pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by a direct action at the anterior pituitary.
What does prolactin stimulate and what gland produces it?
prolactin, also called luteotropic hormone (LTH) or luteotropin, a protein hormone produced by the pituitary gland of mammals that acts with other hormones to initiate secretion of milk by the mammary glands.
What else can cause elevated prolactin levels?
Other potential causes of elevated prolactin levels include: If you are taking any medicine that affects the production of dopamine, it can have an effect on prolactin production. This means that medicines used to treat mental health conditions, high blood pressure, and pain relievers can all affect your prolactin levels.
How to reduce prolactin medically and naturally?
– Improve thyroid function – Lower cholesterol naturally – Reduce anxiety and depression – Fight brain cell degeneration – Stabilize blood sugar and insulin levels – Support adrenal functions
What stimulates the release of prolactin?
– Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (C.R.H. causes the release of ACTH) – Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (T.R.H. causes the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone aka Thyrotropin) – Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH releases LH and FSH .) – Growth Hormone R.H. & Growth Hormone I.H. – Prolactin R.H. & Prolactin I.H.
