What are some of the steps in eukaryotic transcriptional control?

What are some of the steps in eukaryotic transcriptional control?

Stages of eukaryotic gene expression (any of which can be potentially regulated).

• Chromatin structure. Chromatin may be tightly compacted or loose and open.
• Transcription.
• Processing and export.
• mRNA stability.
• Translation.
• Protein processing.

What are examples of transcriptional control?

The maltose operon is an example of a positive control of transcription. When maltose is not present in E. coli, no transcription of the maltose genes will occur, and there is no maltose to bind to the maltose activator protein.

How is transcription controlled regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotic transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm, and regulation occurs at the transcriptional level. Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated during transcription and RNA processing, which take place in the nucleus, and during protein translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm.

What are transcriptional controls?

Transcription Factors and Combinatorial Control Transcription factors (TFs) are regulatory proteins whose function is to activate (or more rarely, to inhibit) transcription of DNA by binding to specific DNA sequences.

What is transcriptional control in eukaryotes?

Transcriptional control in eukaryotes can be accomplished at several levels. Chromatin structure can control transcription. The formation of so‐called hypersensitive sites (sites where the DNA is not bound into nucleosomes) allows protein factors and RNA polymerase to access the DNA.

How is translation controlled in eukaryotes?

Translational Control via the Cap-Recognition Process A second extensively used mechanism in eukaryotes to control the rate of translation initiation involves the mRNA 5′-cap recognition process by eIF4F. Binding of eIF4F to the cap structure can be hindered by the eIF4E homolog, 4E-HP (see below).

Where does transcriptional control occur?

coli. This type of regulation is not efficient in eukaryotes because transcription occurs in the nucleus while translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription?

the epigenetic level
In eukaryotic cells, the first stage of gene expression control occurs at the epigenetic level. Epigenetic mechanisms control access to the chromosomal region to allow genes to be turned on or off.

How do eukaryotic organisms regulate the process of translation?

Eukaryotic organisms express a subset of the DNA that is encoded in any given cell. In each cell type, the type and amount of protein is regulated by controlling gene expression. To express a protein, the DNA is first transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

How is mRNA translation controlled?

mRNA translation is controlled by conformational states of ABC proteins. Translation termination and initiation are linked by ABC proteins. General mechanisms apply for resetting, splitting, and recycling intermediates. ABC systems emerge as key players in antibiotic resistance and ribosome quality control.

What are the four levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotes?

Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels.

Which of the following are points of control for gene expression in eukaryotes?

Like prokaryotes, eukaryotes can control gene expression at the levels of transcription, translation, and post-translation. In eukaryotes, DNA is wrapped around proteins to create a protein-DNA complex called chromatin. RNA polymerase cannot access the DNA when it is supercoiled within the nucleus.

How is translation controlled?

Regulation of translation This process involves many “helper” proteins, which make sure the ribosome is correctly positioned. Translation can be regulated globally (for every mRNA in the cell) through changes in the availability or activity of the “helper” proteins.

What are the two major ways gene expression is controlled in eukaryotes?

Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated during transcription and RNA processing, which take place in the nucleus, and during protein translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm. Further regulation may occur through post-translational modifications of proteins.

How do eukaryotic cells regulate translation?

Translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of protein synthesized from its mRNA. In eukaryotes, regulation of protein synthesis can occur by modification of DNA or at the level of transcription within the nucleus, processing of mRNA in the nucleus, or translation in the cytoplasm.