What causes struvite?

What causes struvite?

Struvite stones are caused by an upper urinary tract infection (UTI) from bacteria. Ammonia produced as a waste product by the bacteria can make the urine less acidic (or more alkaline). Struvite stones form when the urine becomes more alkaline.

What causes staghorn calculi?

A staghorn calculus is the name given to a branching kidney stone, and may form if you have repeated urinary tract infections (UTIs). If they form because of infections, they may be made of struvite which is a mix of magnesium, phosphate and ammonium.

What are the symptoms of a staghorn kidney stone?

A few symptoms of these kidney stones are:

• Painful urination.
• Severe pain on the side of your abdominal region and your back.
• Blood in your urine.
• Foul-smelling urine.
• Urine that appears cloudy.
• Fever and chills.
• Frequent low quantity urination.

What foods cause staghorn kidney stones?

Avoid stone-forming foods: Beets, chocolate, spinach, rhubarb, tea, and most nuts are rich in oxalate, which can contribute to kidney stones. If you suffer from stones, your doctor may advise you to avoid these foods or to consume them in smaller amounts.

Why is struvite called triple phosphate?

Struvite stones are also known as triple-phosphate (3 cations associated with 1 anion), infection (or infection-induced), phosphatic, and urease stones. Other, less common staghorn calculi can be composed of mixtures of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate.

What is struvite used for?

Struvite is a phosphate fertilizer, although it contains a significant amount of nitrogen and magnesium, and it is an effective alternative source of rock phosphate to maintain the agricultural production system.

What is the most common cause of staghorn renal calculi?

Staghorn calculi are most frequently composed of mixtures of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium carbonate apatite; they are strongly associated with UTIs caused by organisms that produce the enzyme urease, which promotes the generation of ammonia and hydroxide from urea.

Are struvite and staghorn stones the same?

Staghorn stones are large and branching stones that fill part or all of the pelvicalyceal system. They are usually unilateral and less common in men. They are linked to urease-producing bacterial infections and, hence, known as struvite infection stones.

How do they remove a staghorn kidney stone?

Treatment options for staghorn calculi include PCNL, shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy, or a combination of two or more of these treatments. Less commonly, invasive open or laparoscopic/robotic-assisted stone surgery is indicated.

Does vitamin D cause kidney stones?

Increased vitamin D levels may prevent a wide range of diseases, according to recent studies. However, some previous studies led to a concern that vitamin D supplementation could increase an individual’s risk of developing kidney stones.

Is coffee good for kidney stones?

“Our findings strongly suggest that regular coffee consumption reduces the risk of kidney stone formation.”

What pH does struvite form in?

The ideal pH range for struvite precipitation could occur at a wide pH range of 7.0 to 11.5. However, the suitable pH range for struvite formation is 8 to 9.5 [30]; this is consistent with many other reports [17, 29]. Interfering ions in solution also affect the pH range for struvite precipitation and nutrient removal.

What is chemical composition of struvite?

Struvite is a crystalline solid composed of magnesium, ammonia, and phosphate at equimolar concentrations (MgNH4PO4⋅6H2O).

What is the chemical name of struvite?

The scientific community defines struvite as a phosphate mineral crystal, struvite composition is of magnesium, ammonia and phosphate forms in water. The struvite chemical formula or struvite formula is chemically written as NH4MgPO4•6H2O.

What does staghorn calculus mean?

Staghorn calculi, also sometimes called coral calculi, are renal calculi that obtain their characteristic shape by forming a cast of the renal pelvis and calyces, thus resembling the horns of a stag.

What is staghorn stone?

Staghorn renal stones are large kidney stones that fill the renal pelvis and at least one renal calyces. Most of times they are composed of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), which are linked to recurrent urinary tract infections by urease-producing pathogens.

Can you live with a staghorn kidney stone?

Due to the significant morbidity and potential mortality attributed to staghorn stones, prompt assessment and treatment is mandatory. Conversely, conservative treatment has been shown to carry a mortality rate of 28% in 10-year period and 36% risk of developing significant renal impairment.

What size is a staghorn kidney stone?

Urinary tract calculi (i.e., “liths” or stones) may vary in size from less than 1 mm to several centimeters (“staghorn” calculi) and are typically seen as round, oval, or polygonal foci of high radiodensity within the renal parenchyma (Fig.

Does zinc cause kidney stones?

New research on kidney stone formation reveals that zinc levels may contribute to kidney stone formation, a common urinary condition that can cause excruciating pain. The research found that zinc may be the core by which stone formation starts.

What is renacidin ®?

Renacidin ® (Citric Acid, Glucono delta-lactone, and Magnesium Carbonate) is a sterile, non-pyrogenic irrigation solution for use within the lower urinary tract in the dissolution of bladder calculi of the struvite or apatite variety, and prevention of encrustations of urethral catheters and cystostomy tubes. Each 30 mL of Renacidin contains:

When should renacidin use be stopped?

Renacidin use should be stopped immediately if the patient develops fever, urinary tract infection, signs and symptoms consistent with urinary tract infection, or persistent flank pain. Irrigation should be stopped if elevated serum creatinine develops.

How is renacidin used to dissolve bladder calculi?

Renacidin is indicated for dissolution of bladder calculi of the struvite or apatite variety by local intermittent irrigation through a urethral catheter or cystostomy tube as an alternative or adjunct to surgical procedures.

How does renacidin work on apatite encrustations?

In the case of apatite encrustations, Renacidin works by exchanging the magnesium in Renacidin for the calcium contained in the apatite formation. The magnesium salt that is formed is soluble in Renacidin irrigation solution, resulting in the dissolution of the calcium encrustation.