What is modified HDL?

What is modified HDL?

HDL modification can be achieved by different means: (i) non-enzymatic modifications, owing to the presence of free metal ions in the atherosclerotic plaques; (ii) cell-associated enzymes, which can degrade the apoproteins without significant changes in the lipid moiety, or can alternatively induce apoprotein cross- …

Does HDL increase with age?

Among men, total and LDL cholesterol decreased significantly with increasing age, and HDL cholesterol increased significantly with age.

Why does HDL not cause atherosclerosis?

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) oppose atherosclerosis directly, by removing cholesterol from foam cells, by inhibiting the oxidation of LDLs, and by limiting the inflammatory processes that underlie atherosclerosis. HDLs also have antithrombotic properties.

What is dysfunctional HDL?

Indeed, HDL from atherosclerotic patients not only exhibit impaired atheroprotective functions but also acquire pro-atherogenic properties and are referred to as “dysfunctional” HDL; this occurs even in the presence of normal or elevated HDL-C levels.

What causes dysfunctional HDL?

Another factor that might make HDL dysfunctional is a change in the HDL-associated lipids. HDL may acquire oxidized lipids from cells and by exchange with other particles, or HDL lipids may be oxidized in situ. Lipid peroxides may interfere with HDL antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and cholesterol acceptor activities.

Does LDL cholesterol cause atherosclerosis?

Since low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, cholesterol entry into the artery wall drives the development of atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, and atherosclerosis leads to heart attacks and strokes, future treatments preventing the process may help decrease the occurrence of these life-threatening conditions.

Is HDL atherogenic?

HDL have several potentially anti-atherogenic properties. The best known of these is their ability to remove cholesterol from cells, such as macrophages in the artery wall, in the first step of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway (5).

Is a 2.5 LDL HDL ratio good?

In general: The higher the ratio, the higher the risk. Most healthcare providers want the ratio to be below 5:1. A ratio below 3.5:1 is considered very good.

Is a 1.9 cholesterol ratio good?

The optimal cholesterol ratio is between 3.5 and 1, while a ratio of 5 or below is considered normal.

Which is worse high triglycerides or LDL?

LDL is known as the “bad” cholesterol because having too much LDL may cause a buildup of plaque in your blood vessels. Triglycerides are also a type of fat found in your blood. High triglycerides, low HDL, and/or high LDL numbers can increase your risk for heart attack and stroke.