What does chalcone synthase do?
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What does chalcone synthase do?
Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the first committed enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis (Fig. 1) and catalyzes the stepwise condensation of three acetate units from malonyl-CoA using coumaroyl-CoA as a starter CoA to yield 2′,4′,6′,4-tetrahydroxychalone.
What is CHS enzyme?
Chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3. 1.74) is a key enzyme of the flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Besides being part of the plant developmental program the CHS gene expression is induced in plants under stress conditions such as UV light, bacterial or fungal infection.
What is CHS gene?
The chalcone synthase (CHS) gene controls the first step in the flavonoid biosynthesis. In flax, CHS down-regulation resulted in tannin accumulation and reduction in lignin synthesis, but plant growth was not affected.
What is Chalcone used for?
Nowadays, several chalcones are used for treatment of viral disorders, cardiovascular diseases, parasitic infections, pain, gastritis, and stomach cancer, as well as like food additives and cosmetic formulation ingredients.
What is chalcone synthesis?
Chalcone is synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation, which involves the cross-aldol condensation of aldehydes and ketones with a base or acid catalyst followed by a dehydration reaction. Chalcone is a common natural pigment and one of the important intermediaries in flavonoid biosynthesis [2].
What is chalcone made of?
Chalcones are the precursors of flavonoids composed of two benzene rings connected by a three-carbon α,β-unsaturated carbonyl structure (Lago et al., 2014).
Is anthocyanin a flavonoid?
Anthocyanin is considered as one of the flavonoids although it has a positive charge at the oxygen atom of the C-ring of basic flavonoid structure. It is also called the flavylium (2-phenylchromenylium) ion.
What are anthocyanins in plants?
Anthocyanins are a group of polyphenolic pigments that are ubiquitously found in the plant kingdom. In plants, anthocyanins play a role not only in reproduction, by attracting pollinators and seed dispersers, but also in protection against various abiotic and biotic stresses.
What is chalcone used for?
What is chalcone in organic chemistry?
Chalcones are the precursors of flavonoids composed of two benzene rings connected by a three-carbon α,β-unsaturated carbonyl structure (Lago et al., 2014). From: Recent Advances in Natural Products Analysis, 2020.
What is the role of anthocyanin?
Which is used for synthesis of anthocyanin?
However, their unanimous product, the naringenin chalcone is not only used in the synthesis of anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins, but also in the formation of other phenolic compounds.
What is the role of anthocyanin in photosynthesis?
Anthocyanins are photoprotective agents which shade and protect the photosynthetic apparatus by absorbing excess visible and UV light and scavenging free radicals (Guo et al., 2008).
What do anthocyanins do?
Anthocyanins possess antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-obesity effects, as well as prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [2]. Therefore, anthocyanins extracted from edible plants are potential pharmaceutical ingredients.
Why is anthocyanin produced?
Naturally produced in plants, anthocyanins serve to attract pollinating insects and seed dispersers, and to protect plants against irradiation damages and pathogens [10], [35].
How is anthocyanin synthesis?
Anthocyanins in plants are synthesized via the general flavonoid pathway, whereby three molecules of malonyl-CoA and one molecule of 4-coumaroyl-CoA derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine are condensed by the key enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS) to form naringenin chalcone (Fig.
What is the function of anthocyanin?
What is the function of anthocyanin in leaf?
Anthocyanins diminish the oxidative load in a leaf simply by filtering out yellow-green light, since the majority of reactive oxygen in plant cells is derived from the excitation of chlorophyll. Anthocyanins are, in addition, excellent scavengers of free radicals.
