What is epitope spreading in autoimmune disease?

What is epitope spreading in autoimmune disease?

Epitope spreading (ES) refers to the development of an immune response to epitopes distinct from, and noncross-reactive with, the disease-causing epitope. Diversification, or the ability of the immune system to attack multiple targets on a pathogen has obvious advantages.

How does epitope spreading occur?

Epitope spreading is an immunologic phenomenon whereby an antibody or cellular response to a given antigen may extend from one location on the antigen (epitope) to involve other region(s) of the same antigen (intramolecular spreading) or adjacent antigens (intermolecular spreading) as the immune response matures (2).

What is auto immunity write mechanism of auto immunity?

Autoimmunity is generally defined as a phe- nomenon in which antibodies or T cells react with autoantigens. Autoimmunity induces auto- immune diseases. Recent studies have revealed that such autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells exist even in healthy individuals.

What is epitope Paratope?

An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The epitope is the specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds. The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope.

How does auto immunity occur?

On a basic level, autoimmune disease occurs because the body’s natural defenses — the immune system — attack the body’s own healthy tissue. Researchers have several ideas about why this happens. When the body senses danger from a virus or infection, the immune system kicks into gear and attacks it.

What is meant by auto immunity?

(AW-toh-ih-MYOON dih-ZEEZ) A condition in which the body’s immune system mistakes its own healthy tissues as foreign and attacks them. Most autoimmune diseases cause inflammation that can affect many parts of the body. The parts of the body affected depend on which autoimmune disease a person has.

What is autoimmunity example?

Sometimes the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own tissues or organs. This is called autoimmunity. One example of an autoimmune disease is type 1 diabetes, in which the immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.

What is epitope in immunology PPT?

n Epitopes: The Antigenic determinants: The smallest part of an antigen or immunogen that can be recognized by somatically generated B and T receptors. -B cell receptors can discriminate epitopes whether they are: 1-free soluble molecules. 2-Surface-bound molecules. 3-Degraded fragments.

What are the functions of epitope?

An epitope is the part of an antigen that the host’s immune system recognizes, eliciting the immune response to an invading pathogen. It specifically binds to the corresponding antigen receptor on the immune cell (such as a B cell) and binding only occurs if the structures are complementary.

What is epitope in immunology?

epitope, also called antigenic determinant, portion of a foreign protein, or antigen, that is capable of stimulating an immune response. An epitope is the part of the antigen that binds to a specific antigen receptor on the surface of a B cell.

What are the types of epitopes?

Two types of epitopes i. continuous and ii. discontinuous epitopes participate in epitope-antibody-reactivities (EAR). B cell epitopes are most commonly discontinuous (also called conformational or assembled), consisting of segments of multiple chains brought together by the folding of the protein (antigen) [10].

What is auto immunity explain with example?

What is autoimmunity and types?

Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other body normal constituents. Any disease resulting from this type of immune response is termed an “autoimmune disease”.

What is autoimmunity give some examples?

What is auto immunology?

Autoimmunity is the presence of antibodies (which are made by B lymphocytes) and T lymphocytes directed against normal components of a person (autoantigens). These components are called autoantigens or self-antigens and typically consist of proteins (or proteins complexed to nucleic acids).

What is autoimmunity PDF?

Autoimmune is a pathological condition in which there is malfunctioning of immune system and the immune system is activated causing the destruction of its own cells since it serve its own cells as foreign cells.

What is auto immunity in biology?

autoimmunity, the state in which the immune system reacts against the body’s own normal components, producing disease or functional changes.

What are the characteristics of autoimmunity?

An autoimmune disease is a condition in which tissue injury is caused by T cell or antibody reactivity to self. The immune activation may be initiated by infection, but then persists in the absence of any detectable microbial antigen (Davidson and Diamond, 2001).