What are resistance gene analogs?

What are resistance gene analogs?

Resistance gene analogs (RGAs) are a large class of potential R-genes that have conserved domains and structural features. As such, RGAs can be identified from sequenced genomes using bioinformatics approaches [16,17,18]. In the last 15 years, more than 50 plant genomes have been sequenced and assembled [19,20,21].

What is resistance gene?

Resistance genes (R-Genes) are genes in plant genomes that convey plant disease resistance against pathogens by producing R proteins. The main class of R-genes consist of a nucleotide binding domain (NB) and a leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain(s) and are often referred to as (NB-LRR) R-genes or NLRs.

What is a gene analog?

Analogous genes are genes that have identical or similar function but don’t share a common ancestor and are therefore unrelated as opposed to homologous genes. The main processes that result in analogous genes or structures are convergent evolution, parallel evolution, and reversals.

What is an example of a disease resistance gene?

Species-level resistance Examples include barley MLO against powdery mildew, wheat Lr34 against leaf rust and wheat Yr36 against wheat stripe rust. An array of mechanisms for this type of resistance may exist depending on the particular gene and plant-pathogen combination.

What is a human homolog?

A gene related to a second gene by descent from a common ancestral DNA sequence. The term, homolog, may apply to the relationship between genes separated by the event of speciation (see ortholog) or to the relationship betwen genes separated by the event of genetic duplication (see paralog).

How are resistance genes transferred between microorganisms?

Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance genes from other bacteria in several ways. By undergoing a simple mating process called “conjugation,” bacteria can transfer genetic material, including genes encoding resistance to antibiotics (found on plasmids and transposons) from one bacterium to another.

What is the advantage of genetic resistance?

Genetic resistance is the best way to cope with viral diseases, as it is stable, persistent, and requires no chemical input in the field.

What is homologous protein?

Two proteins are homologous if they have a common ancestor, whatever their sequences, structures, or functions.

What is a resistant gene in bacteria?

Antibiotic resistance genes are often located on plasmids or transposons and can be transferred from cell to cell by conjugation, transformation, or transduction. This gene exchange allows the resistance to rapidly spread throughout a population of bacteria and among different species of bacteria.

How does a bacterial cell acquire resistance genes?

There are two main ways that bacterial cells can acquire antibiotic resistance. One is through mutations that occur in the DNA of the cell during replication. The other way that bacteria acquire resistance is through horizontal gene transfer.

Why is antibiotic resistance gene important?

What is orthologs and paralogs in bioinformatics?

Orthologs are homologous genes in different species that diverged from a single ancestral gene after a speciation event and paralogs are homologous genes that originate from the intragenomic duplication of an ancestral gene.