What is the equivalence theorem?
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What is the equivalence theorem?
The equivalence theorem states that, at an energy E much larger than the vector-boson mass M, the leading order of the amplitude with longitudinally polarized vector bosons on mass shell is given by the amplitude in which these vector bosons are replaced by the corresponding Higgs ghosts.
What is Huygens principle for aperture antenna?
The aperture fields become the sources of the radiated fields at large distances. This is a variation of the Huygens-Fresnel principle, which states that the points on each wavefront become the sources of secondary spherical waves propagating outwards and whose superposition generates the next wavefront.
What is equivalence theorem automata?
DFA Minimization using Equivalence Theorem If X and Y are two states in a DFA, we can combine these two states into {X, Y} if they are not distinguishable. Two states are distinguishable, if there is at least one string S, such that one of δ (X, S) and δ (Y, S) is accepting and another is not accepting.
What is meant by Ricardian equivalence?
Ricardian equivalence is an economic theory that says that financing government spending out of current taxes or future taxes (and current deficits) will have equivalent effects on the overall economy.
What is wavefront and Huygens principle?
Huygen’s principle states that every point on the wavefront may be considered a source of secondary spherical wavelets which spread out in the forward direction at the speed of light. The new wavefront is the tangential surface to all these secondary wavelets. Thus, it is a geometrical method to find the wavelength.
What is Huygens principle based on?
Huygens’ principle, also called Huygens-Fresnel principle, a statement that all points of a wave front of sound in a transmitting medium or of light in a vacuum or transparent medium may be regarded as new sources of wavelets that expand in every direction at a rate depending on their velocities.
What is equivalence in DFA?
Two states q1, q2 ∈ Q are equivalent if L(A, q1) = L(A, q2). 6. We say that two DFAs A1 and A2 are equivalent iff L(A1) = L(A2). Theorem (DFA Equivalence) For every DFA there exists a unique (up to state naming) minimal DFA.
What is the main difference between Heckscher Ohlin theory and Ricardian theory?
Unlike Ricardian Model, the model suggested by Heckscher-Ohlin assumes that there are two factors of production, namely, labor and capital. One country has comparative advantage over the other because of the differences in relative amounts of each factor.
What causes Ricardian equivalence failure?
One reason that Ricardian equivalence is likely not to be exactly correct is that there is turnover in the population. When new individuals are entering the economy, some of the future tax burden associated with a bond issue is borne by individuals who are not alive when the bond is issued.
What is Hawkins principle?
Huygens principle states that: Every point on a wavefront is in itself the source of spherical wavelets which spread out in the forward direction at the speed of light. The sum of these spherical wavelets forms the wavefront.
What is hydrants principle?
Huygens’ Principle is based on the following assumptions: Each point on the primary wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets, sending out disturbances in all directions in a similar manner as the original source of light does. Concept: Huygens’ Principle.
How do you prove NFA is equivalent to DFA?
We prove that every NFA has an equivalent DFA by showing how to construct a DFA N from N that recognizes the same language A. N = (Q ,Σ ,δ ,q0,F ) defined as: 1. Q = P(Q) — we have a state in Q to represent each possible subset of states in Q.
What is equivalence of DFA and NFA?
For DFA D = (Q,Σ,δD,q0,F), define an “equivalent” NFA N = (Q,Σ,δN ,q0,F) that has the exact same set of states, initial state and final states. Only difference is in the transition function. δN (q, a) = {δD(q, a)} for a ∈ Σ and δN (q, ϵ) = ∅ for all q ∈ Q.
What is equivalence in automata?
The two finite automata (FA) are said to be equivalent if both the automata accept the same set of strings over an input set Σ. When two FA’s are equivalent then, there is some string x over Σ. On acceptance of that string, if one FA reaches to the final state, the other FA also reaches to the final state.
What is Heckscher-Ohlin theory explain with example?
The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem states that if two countries produce two goods and use two factors of production (say, labour and capital) to produce these goods, each will export the good that makes the most use of the factor that is most abundant.
