What virus causes swollen shoot?
Table of Contents
What virus causes swollen shoot?
Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Caulimoviridae that primarily infects cacao trees….
| Cacao swollen shoot virus | |
|---|---|
| Family: | Caulimoviridae |
| Genus: | Badnavirus |
| Species: | Cacao swollen shoot virus |
| Synonyms |
What is the cure for the swollen shoot disease?
Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus Disease (CSSVD) is one of the major factors limiting cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) productivity in West Africa. The only cure for CSSVD is to cut out visibly infected trees and the official eradication campaign in Ghana has cut out more than 200 million trees since 1946.
What are the diseases of cocoa in Ghana?
Cocoa swollen shoot disease (CSSD) is caused by Cacoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV) (of genus Badnavirus (Lot et al., 1991); family Badnaviridae). The disease is one of the most devastating scourges of cocoa that in the 1940s threatened to wipe out the cocoa industry in what is now Ghana.
What is Cssvd?
The cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) caused by the Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is one of the major disease problems affecting cocoa production in West Africa, most especially, Ghana, Cote D’Ivoire, Nigeria and Togo (Dzahini-Obiatey et al., 2010; Thresh et al., 1988).
What causes swollen shoot?
Swollen shoot is a viral disease transmitted to the plant by mealybugs that has devastated Ghanaian and Nigerian cocoa crops.
What diseases are transmitted by droplet?
Many common infections can spread by droplet transmission in at least some cases, including: Common cold, Diphtheria, Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum), Influenza, Meningitis, Mycoplasma, Mumps, Pertussis (whooping cough), Plague, Rubella, Strep (strep throat, scarlet fever, pneumonia).
How do farmers prevent healthy cocoa trees from swollen shoot disease?
The cocoa swollen shoot virus disease is a major factor limiting cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) productivity for West African farmers. The only treatment against this disease is to cut infected trees and replant with disease-free planting material.
How do you control cocoa swell shot?
Cutting-out of CSSVD infected cocoa trees together with a ring of nearby apparently healthy cocoa trees have been the main method adopted to control the spread of the virus in Ghana since 1946. The aim of this strategy is to eliminate or reduce the sources of infection (inoculums) within new cocoa plantings.
What disease affect cocoa?
Pests and diseases of cocoa
| Disease | Region | Estimated World Production Loss(tonnes) |
|---|---|---|
| Black Pod (phytophthora fungus) | Africa, Brazil, Asia | 450,000 |
| Witches Broom (fungus) | Latin America | 250,000 |
| Frosty Pod Rot (fungus) | Latin America | 30,000 |
| Swollen Shoot Virus | Africa | 50,000 |
How do you control swelling shoot disease of cocoa?
How is swollen shoot disease spread?
Cocoa swollen shoot virus disease is transmitted by infectious mealybugs and infected budwood. The risk of spreading the disease is reduced if mealybugs and live plant material are not transported deliberately or accidentally from place to place.
What are the diseases of cocoa?
Pests and diseases of cocoa
| Disease | Region | Estimated World Production Loss(tonnes) |
|---|---|---|
| Witches Broom (fungus) | Latin America | 250,000 |
| Frosty Pod Rot (fungus) | Latin America | 30,000 |
| Swollen Shoot Virus | Africa | 50,000 |
| Vascular Streak Dieback (virus) | Africa | 30,000 |
How long can droplets stay in the air?
Transmission of COVID-19 from inhalation of virus in the air can occur at distances greater than six feet. Particles from an infected person can move throughout an entire room or indoor space. The particles can also linger in the air after a person has left the room – they can remain airborne for hours in some cases.
How do you control pest in cacao?
Black Pod Rot and Canker Control Method (caused by Phytophtora palmivora)
- Frequent harvesting to avoid pathogen sporulation.
- Harvest all the infested, dead and mummified pods and ideally destroy or bury them.
- Prune the cacao trees and shade trees to reduce humidity.
How can we control cocoa disease?
Good sanitation is the most effective method of controlling the disease; material known to be infected should be removed and destroyed; removal of infected material can be difficult as there may be no visible symptoms; new fungicides and resistant cocoa varieties are being developed to help control the disease.
What is the parasite of cocoa?
Cocoa pod borer (CPB) The Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB), also known as Cocoa Moth, is caused by the insect Conopomorpha cramerella. It was first noted in 1841 as a serious threat, causing vast losses in the cocoa industry during the 1890s and 1900s.
What was the main disease that severely affected cacao plantations in Costa Rica?
Moniliasis (caused by the fungus Moniliophthora roreri) is the disease that causes the most damage in this region and it is responsible for up to 80% of losses of cacao fruits or pods and the abandonment of many cacao plantations.
What is the causative agent of cassava mosaic?
One of the most important diseases of cassava is cassava mosaic disease (CMD), which is transmitted primarily by the vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) (Chant 1958). CMD is the most important threat to cassava production in Zambia. The disease is prevalent in most cassava fields (Chikoti et al.
How are most viruses transmitted?
During localized infections, the virus is shed from the primary site of infection. Viruses that infect the skin are spread through skin-to-skin contact, and respiratory viruses are shed within respiratory secretions, passed along through a cough or sneeze to a new, susceptible host.
